Bash
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Contents
Environment
Put this in front of any script to avoid problems when running the script in other languages! The en_US locale should be avaiabel on all systems:
export LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8" export LC_TYPE="en_US.UTF-8" export LANGUAGE="en_US.UTF-8"
Man
Everyone knows how to do
man find
but did you know that you can printout any manpage in postscript?
man -t find > man_find.ps
A simple script does this, changes it to pdf and opens the file in evince ;-) Cool and much much better for reading!
#!/bin/sh # # man2pdf # www.apos.de 2005 # # Print a man page as pdf and save it to the users # desktop ( ~/tmp/. )# VER=0.3 VIEWER="/usr/bin/evince" TEMP="/tmp" STORE="/tmp" # if test $# -lt 1 then cat <<EOF USE: man2pdf EOF else if man ${1} > /dev/null then man -t ${1} > /${TEMP}/man_${1}.ps ps2pdf14 /${TEMP}/man_${1}.ps /${STORE}/${1}_manpage.pdf rm /${TEMP}/man_${1}.ps exec ${VIEWER} /${STORE}/${1}_manpage.pdf & else echo "Sorry, there is no manpage for ${1} - this program." fi fi
Terminal or GUI
You can determine, if a script is running in a terminal (TTY) or within a gui:
# check, if we are running in a terminal if tset -q | grep linux then echo "Running in terminal session ... continue the script " GUI=0 else # Open a GUI dialog if zenity --question --title "GUI Dialog" \ --text "Would you like to continue?" then # set some vars GUI=1 else exit 1 fi fi
Sending mails
mailx - former known as nail
Tested in
- Ubuntu 12.04
- Ubuntu 14.04
Tested with:
- gmx
Inspired by
Install packages
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates heirloom-mailx msmtp
Edit configuration files
One for msmtp:
vim ~/.msmtprc
# config options: http://msmtp.sourceforge.net/doc/msmtp.html#A-user-configuration-file defaults logfile /tmp/msmtp.log # settings for gmx account gmx auth on host mail.gmx.de port 587 user username@gmx.de from username@gmx.de password PASSHERE tls on tls_trust_file /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt # settings for google account gmx auth on host smtp.gmail.com port 587 user username@gmail.com from username@gmail.com password PASSHERE tls on tls_trust_file /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt # set default account to account default: gmx
One for mailx:
vim ~/.mailrc
# set smtp for mailx # (default) set from="username@gmx.de" set sendmail="/usr/bin/msmtp" set message-sendmail-extra-arguments="-a gmx" account gmx { set from="username@gmx.de (Your name) send from command line" set sendmail="/usr/bin/msmtp" set message-sendmail-extra-arguments="-a gmx" } account google { set from="username@gmail.com (Your Name) send from command line" set sendmail="/usr/bin/msmtp" set message-sendmail-extra-arguments="-a google" }
Send the mail
mailx -A gmx -s "gmx test" username@gmx.de < /tmp/test_email.txt echo "mail text" | mailx -A gmx -s "gmx test" username@gmx.de cat /tmp/test_email.txt | mailx -A gmx -s "gmx test" username@gmx.de
Sending an attachment
echo "mail text" | mailx -A gmx -a attachment.file -s "gmx test" username@gmx.de
Sending dmesg message (or other) via pipe
dmesg | mailx -A gmx -s "$HOSTNAME dmesg" username@gmx.de
Explanation:
-A xxx : the name of the isp account that must match in ~/.msmtprc AND .mailrc. If not specified, the as default defined account will be used. -s "Text" : the subject -a Datei : Attachment
Singleton
The singleton pattern is a very handy one. You can realise it in bash like this:
if ps x | grep -v grep | grep -v $$ | grep $0 | grep -v subl | grep -v vi then echo "$0 already running. Exiting" exit 1 else ################################################ # PUT YOUR CODE HERE # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv ./run_me # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ################################################ fi
Grep
Grep a steam with tail, head
Sometimes you need not to filter a standard out only once, but with tail
tail -f -n 300 /var/log/syslog | stdbuf -o0 grep PATTERN
remove empty lines
cat some_text | egrep -v '^#|^$'
remove carriage return (newline
echo "something" | tr -d '\n'
Graphical Tools
Sometimes you need to get out of yor script, give a message to your users - visually.
notify-send
#!/bin/bash notify_start() { aplay Critical_Error.wav notify-send "Backup is is mounted." \ -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/48x48/actions/document-open-recent.png \ "Read and write support for you is working." } notify_end() { notify-send "Backup Drive is not ready!" \ -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/48x48/actions/stock-delete.png \ "Resolve the problem and save your work" } while(true); do if touch /backup/testfile then rm /backup/testfile notify_start else notify_end fi sleep 10 done
Monitoring
Sometimes you like to run a monitor in the background. Here an example for checking if a drive had an drive error.
#!/bin/bash if ps x | grep -v grep | grep -v $$ | grep $0 | grep -v subl | grep -v vi then echo "$0 already running. Exiting" exit 1 else ################################################ # PUT YOUR CODE HERE # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv notify_start() { aplay /local/share/sounds/KDE_Critical_Error.wav notify-send "Backup is is mounted." \ -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/48x48/actions/document-open-recent.png \ "Read and write support for you is working." } notify_end() { aplay /local/share/sounds/KDE_Critical_Error.wav notify-send "Backup Drive is not ready!" \ -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/48x48/actions/stock-delete.png \ "Resolve the problem and save your work" } while(true); do message_head="SSD WRITE TEST:" message_time="date +%F_%Hh:%Ms:%Nms" error="ERROR:" logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) starting sync" if sync then logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) sync finished successfully." else logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) ${error} while do sync." fi sleep 2 if touch ~/testfile then logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) touched testfile in home successfully." if rm ~/testfile then logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) removed testfile in home successfully." else logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) ${error} while removing tesfile in home." fi else logger "${message_head} $(${message_time}) ${error} while touching tesfile in home." notify_end fi sleep 28 done # ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ################################################ fi
sed
Search and replace text in a document with sed
# Search and replace text in a document globally or first # apos@gmx.de - 2008 # # param1: search string # param2: replace string # param3: the document URL search_replace_global(){ search="$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" replace="$(printf "%s\n" "${2}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" sed -i "s/${search}/${replace}/g" "${3}" } search_replace_first(){ search="$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" replace="$(printf "%s\n" "${2}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" sed -i "s/${search}/${replace}/" "${3}" }
Cut text out of a file
# Cut text out of a file. # Searches for the first (!) - and only the first - occurence of the Expression # "FIRST_TEXT_FRAGMENT" and then, from that line on to the first occurence of # "LAST_TEXT_FRAGMENT". It then cuts the lines between these two - # including the found lines (!) - out with sed. # # param1: first text fragment # param2: second text fragment # param3: input file - the file to inspect cut_text(){ THEDOC="${3}" #FIRST_TEXT_FRAGMENT="$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" FIRST_TEXT_FRAGMENT="${1}" #LAST_TEXT_FRAGMENT="$(printf "%s\n" "${2}" | sed 's/[][\.*^$/]/\\&/g')" LAST_TEXT_FRAGMENT="${2}" BEGIN_CUT=$(cat ${THEDOC} | fgrep -n --max-count=1 "${FIRST_TEXT_FRAGMENT}" | cut -d':' -f1) BEGIN_CUT=$(expr ${BEGIN_CUT}) echo ${BEGIN_CUT} END_CUT=$(cat ${THEDOC} | sed -e "1,${BEGIN_CUT}d" | fgrep -n --max-count=1 "${LAST_TEXT_FRAGMENT}" | cut -d':' -f1) echo ${END_CUT} END_CUT=$(expr ${END_CUT} + ${BEGIN_CUT}) echo ${END_CUT} sed -i "${BEGIN_CUT},${END_CUT}d" "${THEDOC}" }
Renaming files with bad content
find . -depth -name "*.*" -execdir rename 's/:/_/g;s/:/_/g;s/</_/g;s/>/_/g;' "{}" \;
also see
sudo apt-get install detox detox --help
Finding duplicate files
apt-get install fdupes
fdupes -r -d -S .
-> interactively delete files.
Find and delete .cache
This cleans up the .cache directory and deletes all files that are older than 14 days AND if the files are greater than 30MB:
sudo vim /etc/crontab
@daily find /home/YOUR_USERNAME/.cache/ -atime +14 -size 30M -delete
See: http://askubuntu.com/questions/176480/limit-the-size-of-a-directory-by-deleting-old-files
Kill all processes with a certain name
vim ~/bin/killall_
#!/bin/bash PROGRAM="${1}" if [ ${PROGRAM} = "" ] then echo "Programname required." exit 1 fi KILL="$(ps x | grep -v grep | grep -v killall | grep -v $(basename $0) | grep "${PROGRAM}" | sed 's/^\ //' | cut -d' ' -f1 | sed 's/ //g')" if [ "${KILL}" != "" ] then for killme in "${KILL}" do echo "Killing <9> process number $killme" kill -9 $killme done else echo "Nothing to kill ..." fi
ia32-libs
Older Ubuntu versions:
sudo apt-get install ia32-libs
Newer (> 14.04 ) Ubuntu versions:
sudo apt-get install lib32z1 lib32ncurses5 lib32bz2-1.0