SSH - Client and Server
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Contents
clusterssh or tmux
A way to update multiple clients in your network is clusterssh. Clusterssh normally uses an Xserver, a graphical UI to interact as a user. Ita usage is very intuitive and not further dicussed here, just use it.
Thankes to this [article about using clusterssh in the shell], the author user spawning the ssh sessions in separate "tmux" panes and using simple ssh. I altered the script using bash, using variables with brackets (standard) and autossh instead of ssh (you also can use mosh).
Tmux is a terminal multiplexer - hey is'nt it fantastic, what marveless shell tools exist out there ;-)
Let's start:
1. Open a tmux session:
tmux
2. Now you can execute the script shown in the next section INSIDE of tmux, it will open your serverlist
ssh-tmux
The script attaching multiple server:
#/bin/bash
# ssh-tmux - need tmux
#
#######################################################################
## EDIT HERE ##########################################################
myHostList="hostname_or_ip_1 hostname_or_ip_2 hostname_or_ip_n"
mySSH="autossh"
mySession="ssh-tmux"
#######################################################################
which tmux > /dev/null || echo "Please install tmux first! Exiting ..."
which tmux > /dev/null || exit 1
if tmux has-session
then
echo "ssh-tmux session already opended"
else
TMUX= tmux new-session -d -s ssh-tmux
tmux switch-client -t ssh-tmux
fi
for myHost in ${myHostList}
do
tmux splitw "$mySSH $myHost"
tmux select-layout tiled
done
tmux set-window-option synchronize-panes on
The author updated his post:
If you want to type in just one pane (on one host) you can do that as well: C-b : set-window-option synchronize-panes off and moving to the right pane (C-b + Arrow keys)
ssh tunnel with port redirection
ssh -L 9000:IP_OF_SERVER:8443 loginname@IP_OF_SERVER
or
autossh -L 9000:IP_OF_SERVER:8443 loginname@IP_OF_REMOTE_SERVER
... makes the port 8443 of a remote server with IP_OF_REMOTE_SERVER accessible on port 9000 on the local pc. This works with any kind of connection: console, webinterface and so on.
This often can be used to secure administration ports on a server, that should only be reached via a secure tunnel like e.g. VPN, but VPN is not avaiable everywhere.
If you also secure your ssh server only accepting certificate authentification, you will be almost secure:
#> vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config [...] PasswordAuthentication no [...] UsePAM no
ssh tunnel over two servers
Goal: From a local pc you like to access local-server on port 22000 via SFTP.
Problem: But local-server is only accessible from public-gateway.tld.
Solution:
ssh username@public-gateway.tld -L localhost:22000:local-server:22 -l localusername -i /path/to/.ssh/gatewaykeyfile
rsync
Use rsync with special ssh port
You can add certain ssh-parameters with the -vraze option to rsync:
-vraze 'ssh -p xxxxx'
The complete command then looks like this:
rsync [ -av --delete ] -vraze 'ssh -p xxxxx' \
/local/source/. username@ssh-server:/target/.
Another method is to edit or create a ssh-config file in the .ssh directory and add the port and e.g. username there:
#> vim ~/.ssh/config
Host hostname_as_in_etc_hosts
port 4444
User user_to_connect
Rsync "trick" for mirroring a certain location to server
cd /to/the/very/long/path/on/localhost rsync -av . user@server:$(pwd)/.
where $(pwd) automacically expands to the correct path on the remote host.
If the path on the server does not exist, an error will occur - so you should care for this ;-)
Reduce bandwidth
To reduce the overall traffic bandwitch AND the system load, I start the rsync process on the server with ionice (perl based) and the rsync option --bwlimit=<KByteSec>. The ionice parameter -c3
sudo apt-get install liblinux-io-prio-perl
ionice -c 3 rsync -av --progress --bwlimit=5000 . teneriffa:/local_slow/mythtv/.
man ionice: -c The scheduling class. 0 for none, 1 for real time, 2 for best-effort, 3 for idle.
SSH with unstable network access
TCP/IP connections are reliable, but if there is an unstable od changing IP, it will break! Concerning a ssh connections a breaking wlan - e.g. when travelling in the train - will render your ssh session useless.
There are two programs which can help solve this problem:
- autossh in conjunction with screen
- mosh
The following commandline will connect via ssh to remote-pc an starts a screen-session. When the connection is lost, the ssh-tunnel will be build up by autossh.
autossh remote-pc -t 'screen -RD'
Mosh works different. Why: three letters MIT - from the best of the best IT-stuff ;-)
It is more robust and trys to keep up the connection. Therefore mosh must be installed on the client AND the server.
mosh [-p NUM] [user@]remote-pc
mosh --ssh
I had some problems connecting to some special ssh port. Using the following syntax made it run.
mosh --ssh="ssh -pPORT" your_user@your_ip ***
In Ubuntu 12.04 to be able to use the "--ssh" paramater, please use the newer mosh version from the follwing ppa:
https://launchpad.net/~keithw/+archive/mosh
Ubuntu 13.04 and up are using the correct versions.
Working with .ssh/config
If you don't like to always type in the credentials for a well known pc, you can simply add these to the file:
~/.ssh/config
Simply enter something like this:
Host IP_OF_YOUR_PC
port <YOUR_SSH_PORT>
User <USERNAME>
and the command
ssh IP_OF_YOUR_PC
will simply login with the right connection credentials.
A little script to enable passwordless login
The same can be achieved using ssh-copy-id!. But sometimes you need control over the process.
Needless to say, that using this script you should exactly know what you are doing.
!! The author takes NO response for all kinds of damage and security issues that could happen using this script !!
Download
Source Code
#!/bin/bash
#
# This scripts exports THIS computers public ssh key to
# a clients's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2 file.
#
# This will enable passworless login from THIS pc to the client.
#
# You need to have the password, username and IP/alias of the other pc.
client="$1"
NAME="$2"
[ "$NAME" ] || NAME="${USER}"
[ "$client" ] || echo "ERROR: You have to specify at least a client IP or alias."
[ "$client" ] || exit 1
cd ~/.ssh
echo "Create ssh dir on client ... "
ssh ${NAME}@$client "mkdir -p ~/.ssh; chmod 700 ~/.ssh"
echo "Check if pub key exist and/or create one ... "
[ -e id_dsa.pub ] || ssh-keygen -t dsa
echo "Copy the public key of THIS pc to the client ... "
scp id_dsa.pub ${NAME}@$client:~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub_${HOSTNAME}
echo "We make an entry into the authorized_keys file on the client ... "
ssh ${NAME}@$client "cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub_${HOSTNAME} \
>> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2; \
rm ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub_${HOSTNAME}"
echo "Secure the local public key ... "
chmod 600 id_dsa.pub
echo TEST:
echo Now we test with running the following terminal command:
echo " ssh ${NAME}@$client echo Congratulation: You can login passwordless to your client $client."
echo ;
ssh ${NAME}@$client "echo Congratulation: You can login passwordless to your client $client."
echo ;
echo ;
echo Program ended.
echo ;
echo If you like to remove the automatic login, you have to
echo remove the public key in the file /home/${NAME}/.ssh/authorized_keys2
echo on your clients - $client - computer.
Troubleshooting
Authentification error 'authenticity ... can't be established'
When connecting you get the following error:
$ ssh server The authenticity of host 'server (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:hjlfaskdfadfah+lofadfgahjewzwetrewtrqwert/F. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Failed to add the host to the list of known hosts (/home/USERNAME/.ssh/known_hosts). username@server's password:
Solution:
ssh-keyscan -H server >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts